How do the autonomic and somatic nervous systems differ in their functions?

• A. The autonomic system controls voluntary movements
• B. The somatic system manages involuntary functions
• C. The autonomic system regulates hormone release
• D. The autonomic system controls involuntary functions

Answer: (D)

The autonomic nervous system is responsible for regulating involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, and the functioning of glands. This system operates without conscious control, allowing the body to maintain homeostasis and respond to changes in the internal and external environment automatically. It is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, which work together to balance the body's responses to stress and relaxation.

In contrast, the somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles, allowing individuals to consciously perform activities such as walking or typing. It requires conscious thought and effort to activate these muscles.

The other options misrepresent the roles of the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. For example, stating that the autonomic system controls voluntary movements overlooks its primary function of managing involuntary actions. Similarly, attributing the management of involuntary functions to the somatic system is incorrect since it is specifically involved with voluntary muscle control. While the autonomic system does involve some aspects of hormone regulation, its main distinction lies in its control of involuntary functions, which makes the identification of option D as the correct answer clear.